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๐Ÿ‘ฉ‍๐ŸŽ“๐’๐“๐”๐ƒ๐˜/Fintech & Blockchain

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Lec 9: Regulation 1. Open Banking Two important regulations in Europe and UKEU and UK legislation history • July 2013: EU Commission proposal to revise Payment Services Directive (PSD). • November 2015: EU Parliament/Council adopts revised Payment Services Directive, known as PSD2. • 13 January 2018: EU member states must comply with PSD2. UK regulation version known as Open Banking.  “Open Banking” is UK version..
Practical Lecture 7: NFT & Open banking 1. MotivationConcept of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) not newOwning collectables • Physical assets: - Art, cars, wine, trading cards (Pokémon, sports, etc.) • Digital assets - Online computer game “skins” 1. ๋™๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ† ํฐ(NFT)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค์†Œ์žฅํ’ˆ ์†Œ์œ :๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž์‚ฐ:์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ, ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ์™€์ธ, ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋”ฉ ์นด๋“œ(ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋“ฑ)๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ž์‚ฐ:์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ "์Šคํ‚จ"Digital artists could not sell their art in traditional waysProblem with digital assets: ..
Lec 8: AI & Robo Advice 1. Artificial intelligence (AI) – the beginningArtificial intelligence (AI) came up ~70 years agoAI research has been around for a long time • Golden age of science fiction (1938—1946).  - Three laws of robotics (Isaac Asimov). • Alan Turing, 1950, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” - how to build intelligent machines and how to test their intelligence -> Imitation game = Turing Test.  • Da..
Practical Lecture 6: Deep Learning 1. Deep learning simplification๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(AI)์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ, ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ธต๊ณผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ธต, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ธต(hidden layers)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Deep learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses artificial neural networks to learn patterns from data. Deep learning consists of many input layers, output layers, and several hidden layers in..
Lec 7: Initial Coin Offering [ICOs] 1. ICOsTokens can be classified into four typesWhat is a coin? • This is extremely unclear. - Most “initial coin offerings” are actually sales of tokens, not coins.• Four types of tokens seem to circulate 1. Payment tokens = cryptocurrencies = coins. 2. Utility tokens. 3. Security tokens for underlying assets (e.g. gold). 4. Non-fungible token (NFT). Of course, any of these could be an investmen..
Lec 6: Crowdfunding / ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ๋“œํŽ€๋”ฉ 1. Traditional ways of raising capitalTwo major ways to raise equity for private firms - 1.1 Brief note on Venture Capital (VC) Unlisted firms have different options to raise equityEquity financing over the firm's life cycleUnlisted firmsListed firms- Angel investors- Venture Capital - Institutional investors- Corporate investors- IPO- Private placement (to small group of investors)- Right issue..
Lec 5: Altcoins / ์•ŒํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์ด๋ž€? 1. Blockchain 2.0 Satoshi Dice's first example of alternative Bitcoin use Example: “Distributed gambling” (2012) Send BTC to a special address that guarantees odds of winning → defined threshold similar to BTC target. Lucky number: - Take hash of (transaction hash + secret daily key) - Take the first four characters of hash - Convert to decimal number → will be Often involving automated payments..
Practical Lecture 3: Mining Technology and Industry 1. Mining Process BTC miners are bookkeepers rather than workers Mining = competitive bookkeeping • Creation of new bitcoins in each block almost like a central bank printing new money (but the total amount of bitcoins to be created is fixed at 21 million). - Creation of trust by ensuring that transactions are confirmed only when enough computational power is devoted to the block that contains t..
Lecture 4: Blockchain Governance / ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  & ํ•˜๋“œํฌํฌ๋ž€? Blockchain Governance and Dispute Resolution ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค & ๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ 1. Blockchain forks Blockchain forks can occur spontaneously from mining Chain split (short-lived forks) ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ํฌํฌ๋Š” ์ฑ„๊ตด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ฒด์ธ ๋ถ„ํ• (๋‹จ๊ธฐ ํฌํฌ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ์ฑ„๊ตด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ธ”๋ก 3์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Assume two miners solve block 3 at the same time. ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ 3a๋ฅผ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ 3b๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Half the community adopts 3a, and the oth..
Practical Lecture 2: Logic & Mining / ์ฑ„๊ตด์ด๋ž€? 1. Satoshi Dice Casino house edge typically done via payoff ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์—์ง€(House Edge, HE): ์นด์ง€๋…ธ๋‚˜ ๋„๋ฐ• ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ด์ต์˜ ๋น„์œจ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์—์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Casino house edge (house advantage) ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ (Return to Player, RTP): ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 1์—์„œ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์—์ง€๋ฅผ ๋บ€ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ œ: ๋™์ „ ๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ: ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 50%์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ํŒ…ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฉด 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์ด์ง€๊ธ‰์•ก์€ 2๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ RTP๋Š” 100%, ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์—์ง€๋Š” 0%์ž…๋‹ˆ..
Lecture 3: Blockchain Introduction / ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? (1) ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ผ๋‹จ ํ•ด์‹œํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘1๋•Œ์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ. (์˜ˆ:) ํ•ด์‰ฌํ•จ์ˆ˜: f(x/4 ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€) X Y 5 1 13 1 21 1 33 1 X๋ฅผ 4๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆด์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๊ฐ€ 1์ด Y๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋‹ค. [5/4 = 1.. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” 1] → ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฑด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ← ๊ทผ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด? ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ž…์„ ํ•ด๋ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. 4๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•ด ๋ด์•ผ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๋ƒ๊ณ ? ์•”ํ˜ธ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์•”ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋ญ์•ผ? ๋‚˜ (์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž)๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ. "๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด Cryptocurrency ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. " ํ•ด์‹œํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ..
Practical Lecture 1: How does Bitcoin Work? / ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ ์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ 1. Digital Payments Cash payments are peer-to-peer without middleman Digital assets can be copied: double-spending problem Cash payments: - peer-to-peer - No middleman - Resistant to censorship - Can verify the uniqueness of coins (no counterfeits). ํ˜„๊ธˆ ๊ฒฐ์ œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ P2P ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ. ์ด๋Š”, ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ž ์—†์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒ€์—ด์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. ์œ„์กฐํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ ์ด์ „์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ๋‹ค. Digital assets • Easy to copy ๏ƒ˜ Can’t “give” it to someo..

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